Effects of acute exposure to Al 2 O 3 -NPs (α and γ) and white noise and their combination on cochlea structure and function in Wistar rats

Hearing loss induced by noise and combinations of factors is a common occupational disease among workers. This study aimed to investigate the impact of acute exposure to white noise and Al 2 O 3 NPs, alone and in combination, on changes in the hearing and structural functions of the cochlea in rats. Thirty-six rats were randomly assigned to one of six groups: Control, acute exposure to white noise, exposure to γ-Al 2 O 3 NPs, exposure to noise plus γ-Al 2 O 3 NPs, exposure to α-Al 2 O 3 NPs, and exposure to the combination of noise plus α-Al 2 O 3 NPs. TTS and PTS were examined using DPOAE, while oxidative index (MDA, GSH-Px), gene expression (NOX3, TGF-ß, CYP1A1), protein expression (ß-Tubulin, Myosin VII), and histopathological changes were examined in the cochlea. The morphology of Al 2 O 3 NPs was examined by TEM. The results of the DPOAE test showed a significant increase in TTS in all groups and an increase in PTS in the groups exposed to noise, γ-Al 2 O 3 NPs, and a combination of noise plus Al 2 O 3 NPs ( P < 0.05). In the group exposed to white noise plus Al 2 O 3 NPs, the MDA levels increased, the level of GSH-Px decreased, and the expression percentage of ß-Tubulin and Myosin VII decreased, while the expression of NOX3, TGF-ß, and CYP1A1 (except for the α-Al 2 O 3 NPs group) significantly increased ( P < 0.05). Histopathological changes of the cochlea indicated damage to hair and ganglion cells, which was more severe in the combined exposure group. The combined and independent exposure to white noise and Al 2 O 3 NPs damaged hair and ganglion cells for high-frequency perception, affecting the function and structure of the cochlea and leading to TTS and PTS.