A semi-supervised coarse-to-fine approach with bayesian optimization for lithology identification

Lithology identification is critical in the interpretation of well-logging data for petroleum exploration and development. However, the limited availability of labeled well-logging data for machine learning model training can lead to compromised accuracy in lithology classification models. Here, we propose a semi-supervised lithology identification model to overcome this challenge. Our framework consists of Bayesian optimization for tuning ensemble algorithms, including random forest, gradient boosting decision tree, extremely randomized trees, and adaptive boosting, to establish a high-quality baseline model for semi-supervised learning. We also employ a self-training strategy to increase the number of labeled samples in the training set and use the predicted label with the highest confidence as a pseudo-label to reduce the accumulation of deviation caused by incorrect pseudo-labels. Our semi-supervised coarse-to-fine framework improves rock classification accuracy, particularly for sandstone. Testing our model on well-logging data from two real regions, we found that the ExtraRF-based semi-supervised model in the HGF area performs the best, with a maximum classification accuracy of 91.6 % , which is 5 % higher than the original coarse-to-fine model without using Bayesian optimization and pseudo-labeling techniques.