Bloodstream gram-negative bacterial infections in adult patients with leukemia: A retrospective review of medical records in a tertiary care hospital in Western Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND:Patients with neutropenic cancers are at high risk of acquiring infections, especially if on chemotherapy. Gram-negative bacterial infections are associated with high mortality. This study aimed to assess clinical characteristics, outcomes, and epidemiology of gram-negative bacterial (GNB) bloodstream infections (BSI) in adult patients with leukemia. METHODS:This single-center, retrospective study included 102 adult patients diagnosed with leukemia between 2017 and 2019. The patients' demographics, infection diagnosis, leukemia diagnosis, comorbidities, and infection outcomes were collected from electronic medical records. RESULTS:The most common GNB were Klebsiella pneumoniae (33.3 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.5 %), and Escherichia coli (17.6 %). Additionally, 36.7 % of infections were multidrug resistant. The most common comorbidities were cardiovascular diseases (36.7 %), diabetes mellitus (33.3 %), and liver diseases (24.1 %). GNB-infected patients had a higher mortality than noninfected patients (35.3 % and 11.8 %, respectively, p = 0.005). In a multivariable analysis, patients with acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoid leukemia were significantly more likely to acquire GNB BSI (p = 0.01), while patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia had a lower likelihood of developing GNB BSI. In addition, low hemoglobin level was an independent risk factor of GNB BSI (p = 0.001). Chemotherapeutic agents showed an association with increased risk of GNB BSI. CONCLUSIONS:Patients with acute leukemia and low hemoglobin levels have increased risk of GNB BSI, which was associated with increased mortality. Prospective studies are needed to further assess the effect of co-morbidities and chemotherapy medications on the occurrence of GNB BSI according to the type of leukemia.