Functional -mannooligosaccharides: Sources, enzymatic production and application as prebiotics

One of the emerging non-digestible oligosaccharide prebiotics is beta-mannooligosaccharides (beta-MOS). beta-MOS are beta-mannan derived oligosaccharides, they are selectively fermented by gut microbiota, promoting the growth of beneficial microorganisms (probiotics), whereas the growth of enteric pathogens remains unaffected or gets inhibited in their presence, along with production of metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. beta-MOS also exhibit several other bioactive properties and health-promoting effects. Production of beta-MOS using the enzymes such as beta-mannanases is the most effective and eco-friendly approach. For the application of beta-MOS on a large scale, their production needs to be standardized using low-cost substrates, efficient enzymes and optimization of the production conditions. Moreover, for their application, detailed in-vivo and clinical studies are required. For this, a thorough information of various studies in this regard is needed. The current review provides a comprehensive account of the enzymatic production of beta-MOS along with an evaluation of their prebiotic and other bioactive properties. Their characterization, structural-functional relationship and in-vivo studies have also been summarized. Research gaps and future prospects have also been discussed, which will help in conducting further research for the commercialization of beta-MOS as prebiotics, functional food ingredients and therapeutic agents.