Optimization and characterization of eco-friendly formulated ZnO NPs in various parameters: assessment of its antidiabetic, antioxidant and antibacterial properties

Nowadays, nanosized drugs continue to lead the pharmacological field because of their small molecular size, solubility and penetrability, which are suitable for passive membrane transmission. In the current research, we produced zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from Lablab purpureus leaf aqueous extract and assessed their antioxidant, antidiabetic and antimicrobial efficacy. In the biosynthesis process, we characterized biosynthesized ZnO NPs by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high resolution-scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analyses. The HR-TEM images reveal flocculated particles, which were mostly rods with a few hexagonal and sphere-shaped, with a typical particle size of 28±3.00 nm. ZnO NPs showed potential α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity inhibition, with IC 50 values of 103.20±1.03 and 94.14±0.37 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, ZnO NPs exhibited excellent free radical scavenging potential on DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide and superoxide with IC 50 values of 114.95±2.11, 147.37±1.55, 90.94±0.57 and 152.52±0.56 μg/mL, respectively. Bacteria of gram-positive and gram-negative strains were inhibited growth with MIC ranging from 118.75 to 950 μg/mL. ZnO NPs have shown promise in reducing oxidative stress, which is associated with the development of chronic diseases. They also act as a hypoglycemic agent, which helps to maintain healthy glucose levels. Future phytochemical research will be necessary to standardize L. purpureus components with significant antidiabetic action and create a better substitute nano-herbal combination to replace the synthetic drugs. Graphical abstract