Timing and Provenance of Volcanic Fluxes Around the Permian-Triassic Boundary Mass Extinction in South China: U-Pb Zircon Geochronology, Volcanic Ash Geochemistry and Mercury Isotopes

Anomalous mercury (Hg) contents recorded near the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) are often linked to Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province (STLIP) volcanism and the Permian-Triassic boundary mass extinction (PTBME). However, mounting evidence indicates that the relation between STLIP volcanism and Hg "anomalies" is not straightforward. This study focuses on the timing and provenance of volcanic fluxes around the PTBME in South China. We constrain carbon isotope (delta C-13) and Hg concentration and isotope records by utilizing high-precision U-Pb zircon ages from two expanded deep-water marine sections spanning the Late Permian to Early Triassic in the Nanpanjiang Basin. Results reveal two episodes of Hg enrichment. The oldest episode predates the onset of a large negative delta 13C excursion, which is documented to be older than 252.07 +/- 0.130 Ma. The second episode occurred between 251.822 +/- 0.060 and 251.589 +/- 0.062 Ma, coinciding with the nadir of the delta C-13 excursion. Volcanic ash geochemistry and Hg isotope compositions suggest that mercury was mainly sourced from subduction-related volcanic arc magmatism in the Tethys region, which peaked between 251.668 +/- 0.079 and 251.589 +/- 0.052 Ma. These results are compatible with suggestions that regional arc volcanism contributed to the causes of the PTBME in South China and provide evidence that Hg anomalies close to the PTB are not a reliable stratigraphic marker for the PTB extinction event. This study demonstrates that relations between volcanism, environmental perturbations and mass extinction during the Permian-Triassic transition are better resolved with the aid of high-precision U-Pb zircon ages.