Pregnant Females with Atopic Dermatitis Are More Likely to be Colonized with Group B Streptococci

Previous studies using culture dependent and culture independent assessments have shown that the microbiome of the skin in individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD) differs from those without AD and is often colonized with the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus.( Byrd et al., 2017 Byrd A.L. Deming C. Cassidy S.K.B. Harrison O.J. Ng W.I. Conlan S. et al. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strain diversity underlying pediatric atopic dermatitis. Sci Transl Med. 2017; 9: 1-12 Crossref Scopus (316) Google Scholar , Clausen et al., 2017 Clausen M.L. Edslev S.M. Andersen P.S. Clemmensen K. Krogfelt K.A. Agner T. Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic eczema and its association with filaggrin gene mutations. The British journal of dermatology. 2017; 177: 1394-1400 Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar , Kong et al., 2012 Kong H.H. Oh J. Deming C. Conlan S. Grice E.A. Beatson M.A. et al. Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis. Genome Research. 2012; 22: 850-859 Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar , Nakatsuji et al., 2016 Nakatsuji T. Chen T.H. Two A.M. Chun K.A. Narala S. Geha R.S. et al. Staphylococcus aureus Exploits Epidermal Barrier Defects in Atopic Dermatitis to Trigger Cytokine Expression. J Invest Dermatol. 2016; 136: 2192-2200 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (220) Google Scholar , Paller et al., 2019 Paller A.S. Kong H.H. Seed P. Naik S. Scharschmidt T.C. Gallo R.L. et al. The microbiome in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019; 143: 26-35 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (237) Google Scholar ). Factors postulated in those with AD to mediate alterations to the microbiota include immune status, skin barrier defect, and therapies for AD including exposure to oral antibiotics.( Byrd et al., 2017 Byrd A.L. Deming C. Cassidy S.K.B. Harrison O.J. Ng W.I. Conlan S. et al. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strain diversity underlying pediatric atopic dermatitis. Sci Transl Med. 2017; 9: 1-12 Crossref Scopus (316) Google Scholar , Jo et al., 2021 Jo J.H. Harkins C.P. Schwardt N.H. Portillo J.A. Zimmerman M.D. Carter C.L. et al. Alterations of human skin microbiome and expansion of antimicrobial resistance after systemic antibiotics. Sci Transl Med. 2021; 13: 1-13 Crossref Scopus (15) Google Scholar , Miajlovic et al., 2010 Miajlovic H. Fallon P.G. Irvine A.D. Foster T.J. Effect of filaggrin breakdown products on growth of and protein expression by Staphylococcus aureus. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010; 1261184-90.e3 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (166) Google Scholar , Nakatsuji et al., 2016 Nakatsuji T. Chen T.H. Two A.M. Chun K.A. Narala S. Geha R.S. et al. Staphylococcus aureus Exploits Epidermal Barrier Defects in Atopic Dermatitis to Trigger Cytokine Expression. J Invest Dermatol. 2016; 136: 2192-2200 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (220) Google Scholar , Paller et al., 2019 Paller A.S. Kong H.H. Seed P. Naik S. Scharschmidt T.C. Gallo R.L. et al. The microbiome in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019; 143: 26-35 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (237) Google Scholar )