DF-dRVFL: A Novel Deep Feature Based Classifier for Breast Mass Classification.

Amongst all types of cancer, breast cancer has become one of the most common cancers in the UK threatening millions of people's health. Early detection of breast cancer plays a key role in timely treatment for morbidity reduction. Compared to biopsy, which takes tissues from the lesion for further analysis, image-based methods are less time-consuming and pain-free though they are hampered by lower accuracy due to high false positivity rates. Nevertheless, mammography has become a standard screening method due to its high efficiency and low cost with promising performance. Breast mass, as the most palpable symptom of breast cancer, has received wide attention from the community. As a result, the past decades have witnessed the speeding development of computer-aided systems that are aimed at providing radiologists with useful tools for breast mass analysis based on mammograms. However, the main issues of these systems include low accuracy and require enough computational power on a large scale of datasets. To solve these issues, we developed a novel breast mass classification system called DF-dRVFL. On the public dataset DDSM with more than 3500 images, our best model based on deep random vector functional link network showed promising results through five-cross validation with an averaged AUC of 0.93 and an average accuracy of 81.71%. Compared to sole deep learning based methods, average accuracy has increased by 0.38. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, our method showed better performance considering the number of images for evaluation and the overall accuracy.