Removing maternal heat stress abatement during gestation modulated postnatal physiology and improved performance of Bos indicus-influenced beef offspring

This study evaluated the growth and immune response of beef calves born from Bos indicus-influenced beef heifers provided pre- and postpartum heat abatement on pasture. On 834 d prepartum (day 0), 64 Brangus crossbred beef heifers (similar to 1/4 B. indicus) were stratified by body weight (BW; 45437 kg) and body condition score (BCS; 6.3 +/- 0.28; scale 1 to 9), and then allocated into 1 of 16 bahiagrass pastures (1 ha and 4 heifers per pasture). Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures (8 pastures per treatment) and consisted of heifers provided (SH) or not (NSH) access to artificial shade (4.5 m(2) of shade area per heifer) from 83 d prepartum to 50 d postpartum (days 0 to 133). Heifers and calves were managed similarly from day 133 until the start of the breeding season (day 203). Calves were weaned on day 203 (at 119 +/- 19 d of age), limit-fed the same drylot diet at 3.5% of BW (DM basis) days 209 to 268 (3 to 4 calves per pen; 8 pens per treatment) and vaccinated against respiratory disease pathogens on days 222 and 236. Heifer intravaginal temperatures from days 35 to 42 were lower (P <= 0.03) for NSH vs. SH heifers from 0000 to 0800 hours but greater (P <= 0.05) for NSH vs. SH heifers from 1100 to 1800 hours. Heifer intravaginal temperature from days 126 to 132 did not differ (P=0.99) between NSH and SH heifers. Heifers assigned to NSH had greater respiration rates from days 20 to 96 (P <= 0.0007), greater plasma concentration of cortisol on days 35 (P=0.07) and 55 (P=0.02), less plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on days 35 (P=0.10), 55, and 133 (P <= 0.05), and less BCS from days 55 to 203 (P <= 0.01) compared to SH heifers. Calves born from NSH heifers had less birth BW (P=0.05), greater overall plasma haptoglobin concentrations (P=0.05), greater seroconversion against bovine respiratory syncytial virus on day 222 (P=0.02), tended to have greater ADG from days 209 to 268 (P=0.07), and had greater BW on day 268 (P=0.05) compared to SH offspring. Plasma concentrations of cortisol and serum titers against other respiratory disease pathogens did not differ (P >= 0.15) between NSH and SH offspring. Hence, removing maternal access to artificial shade: (1) increased prepartum intravaginal temperature and plasma concentrations of cortisol but reduced prepartum BCS and plasma concentrations of IGF-1 in grazing B. indicus-influenced beef heifers; and (2) increased post-weaning BW gain and had positive effects on humoral immune response of their offspring.