Growth’s secret maestros: LBD11–ROS harmony drives vascular cambium activity in Arabidopsis

Integration of metabolic products such as reactive oxygen spe-cies(ROS)into vital processes play essential roles in plants.ROS refers to oxygen-derived free radicals,which exhibit a higher reactivity compared to the diatomic oxygen molecule(O2)(Waszczak et al.,2018).Numerous forms of ROS have been identified in plants with various degrees of stability:singlet oxygen(1O2),superoxide anion(O2-),hydrogen peroxide(H2O2),and hydroxyl radical(HO-)are the major forms.ROS are generated during normal plant growth as products of aerobic metabolism in almost all cellular compartments,including chloroplasts,mitochondria,and peroxisomes as well as in apoplast.However,elevated ROS levels are detrimental to plant cells,posing a substantial risk of DNA damage and improper initiation of programmed cell death.Thus,the levels of ROS are meticulously balanced through intricate antioxidant systems,which tightly control their generation and breakdown(Waszczak et al.,2018;Huang et al.,2019).