Metabolic regulation of glucagon secretion.

Since the discovery of glucagon 100 years ago, the hormone, and the pancreatic islet alpha cells that produce it, have remained enigmatic relative to insulin producing beta cells. Canonically, alpha cells have been described in the context of glucagon's role on glucose metabolism in liver, with glucose as the primary nutrient signal regulating alpha cell function. However, current data reveal a more holistic model of metabolic signalling, involving glucagon-regulated metabolism of multiple nutrients by the liver and other tissues, with circulating nutrient availability, including amino acids and lipids, providing reciprocal feedback to regulate glucagon secretion and even alpha cell mass. Here we describe how various nutrients are sensed, transported, and metabolised in alpha cells, providing an integrative model for the metabolic regulation of glucagon secretion and action. Importantly, we discuss where these nutrient sensing pathways intersect to regulate alpha cell function and highlight key areas for future research.