MDFU-Net: Multiscale dilated features up-sampling network for accurate segmentation of tumor from heterogeneous brain data.

The existing methods for accurate brain tumor (BT) segmentation based on homogeneous datasets show significant performance degradation in actual clinical applications and lacked heterogeneous data anal-ysis. To address these issues, we designed a deep learning-based multiscale dilated features up-sampling network (MDFU-Net) for accurate BT segmentation from heterogeneous brain data. Our method primarily uses the strength of multiscale dilated features (MDF) inside the encoder module to improve the segmentation performance. For the final segmentation, a simple yet effective decoder module is designed to process the dense spatial MDF. For experiments, our MDFU-Net is trained on one dataset and tested with another dataset in a heterogeneous environment, showing quantitative results of the Dice similarity coefficient (DC) of 62.66%, intersection over union (IoU) of 56.96%, specificity (Spe) of 99.29%, and sensitivity (Sen) of 51.98%, which were higher than those of the state-of-the-art methods. There are several reasons for the lower values of the evaluation metrics of the heterogeneous dataset, including the change in characteristics of different MRI modalities, the presence of minor lesions, and a highly imbalanced dataset. Moreover, the experimental results for a homogeneous dataset showed that our MDFU-Net achieved a DC of 82.96%, IoU of 74.94%, Spe of 99.89%, and Sen of 68.05%, which were also higher than those of the state-of-the-art methods. Our system, which is based on heterogeneous brain data as well as homogeneous brain data, can be advantageous to radiologists and medical experts.& COPY; 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).