Global hotspots of traded phylogenetic and functional diversity

Wildlife trade is a multibillion-dollar industry 1 targeting a hyperdiversity of species 2 and can contribute to major declines in abundance 3 . A key question is understanding the global hotspots of wildlife trade for phylogenetic (PD) and functional (FD) diversity, which underpin the conservation of evolutionary history 4 , ecological functions 5 and ecosystem services benefiting humankind 6 . Using a global dataset of traded bird and mammal species, we identify that the highest levels of traded PD and FD are from tropical regions, where high numbers of evolutionary distinct and globally endangered species in trade occur. The standardized effect size (ses) of traded PD and FD also shows strong tropical epicentres, with additional hotspots of mammalian ses.PD in the eastern United States and ses.FD in Europe. Large-bodied, frugivorous and canopy-dwelling birds and large-bodied mammals are more likely to be traded whereas insectivorous birds and diurnally foraging mammals are less likely. Where trade drives localized extinctions 3 , our results suggest substantial losses of unique evolutionary lineages and functional traits, with possible cascading effects for communities and ecosystems 5 , 7 . Avoiding unsustainable exploitation and lost community integrity requires targeted conservation efforts, especially in hotspots of traded phylogenetic and functional diversity.