Platinum loaded on dual-doped TiO 2 as an active and durable oxygen reduction reaction catalyst

In this work, dual-doped TiO 2 was successfully synthesized by using tungsten or niobium as the cation and nitrogen as the anion and, as compared with single-doped TiO 2 , provided a higher electron conductivity and improved physical properties. Platinum (Pt) nanoparticles loaded on these materials showed better electrochemical performance, and the Pt/Ti 0.9 Nb 0.1 N x O y and Pt/Ti 0.8 W 0.2 N x O y catalysts were 2.6–3.7 times more active than the Pt/Ti 0.9 Nb 0.1 O y and Pt/Ti 0.8 W 0.2 O y catalysts without nitrogen doping. Additionally, there was an activity loss of 22.9% as compared with 81% in Pt/C after 30 000 cyclic voltammetry cycles, a value exceeding the US Department of Energy (DOE) stability target. Dual doping not only enhances the electron conductivity but also changes the electronic state of Pt on the support materials, thus allowing for more active and stable catalysts. Both X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and density functional theory (DFT) studies were undertaken to demonstrate how defect formation affects the interactions between Pt and the single- or dual-doped TiO 2 supports and manipulates the physical and chemical properties of the resulting catalysts. Thus, these catalytic supports are strong candidates for proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications.