Painful Cutaneous Laser Stimulation for Temporal Summation of Pain Assessment

Variability in pain sensitivity arises not only from the differences in peripheral sensory receptors but also from the differences in central nervous system (CNS) pain inhibition and facilitation mechanisms. Temporal summation of pain (TSP) is an experimental protocol commonly used in human studies of pain facilitation but is susceptible to confounding when elicited with the skin -contact thermode, which adds the responses of touch-related A beta low-threshold mechanoreceptors to nociceptive receptors. In the present study, we evaluate an alternative method involving the use of a contactless cutaneous laser for TSP assessment. We show that repetitive laser stimulations with a one second inter-stimulus interval evoked reliable TSP responses in a significant proportion of healthy subjects (N = 36). Female subjects (N = 18) reported greater TSP responses than male subjects confirming earlier studies of sex differences in central nociceptive excitability. Furthermore, repetitive laser stimulations during TSP induction elicited increased time-frequency electroencephalography (EEG) responses. The present study demonstrates that repetitive laser stimulation may be an alternative to skin-contact methods for TSP assessment in patients and healthy controls.Perspective: Temporal summation of pain (TSP) is an experimental protocol commonly used in human studies of pain facilitation. We show that contactless cutaneous laser stimulation is a reliable alternative to the skin contact approaches during TSP assessment.(R) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of United States Association for the Study of Pain, Inc This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).