Perceptions of volcanic air pollution and exposure reduction practices on the Island of Hawai'i: Working towards socially relevant risk communication

Kilauea volcano, on the Island of Hawai'i, is one of the most active volcanoes in the world. Over the past four decades it has released large amounts of volcanic gases and aerosols which form vol-canic air pollution known as 'vog'. Communities downwind of Kilauea have been chronically or episodically exposed to this potentially harmful air pollution and have raised concerns about the hazards of vog exposure. Public health and civil protection agencies have offered a range of ad -vice, information, and mitigation strategies for living with vog. In this mixed-methods social study, we investigate the translation of official advice into practice in Island of Hawai'i communi-ties and assess how risk communication could be improved by considering public input, prefer-ences, and community relevance. Given the paucity of information on the long-term effects of chronic vog exposure, assessing the effectiveness of public health and risk communication is vi-tal. In 2015, through questionnaire surveys (n = 143), four focus groups and several stakeholder meetings, we assessed whether, and how, residents accessed intervention advice, if it was rele-vant and useful, how they acted on it and how they would like to receive advice and urgent expo-sure warnings in the future. We also investigated local knowledge and self-developed interven-tions and documented the perceived risks of vog exposure, including symptoms that people at-tribute to vog. Most participants (83%) perceived that vog caused health symptoms such as exacerbation of asthma, itchy eyes, and blocked nose and 62% thought it was harmful to their long-term health. A third of participants had considered relocating to avoid the vog yet, despite this, most people took no action to reduce vog exposure. Participants reported that the official advice was difficult to follow given their living situation or lifestyle. Some participants viewed the agency advice as in -consistent, irrelevant, or out of date. Participants preferred to receive advice and air quality alerts via a variety of media, depending on factors such as their access to internet, cell phone, and radio reception. The study findings led to a collaboration with federal and state health, land management, ed-ucational, science, and civil protection agencies to improve and standardize health advisory mes-saging, to make it more relevant to Island of Hawai'i communities and environment. New print- able and web-based communication products were developed, which included local knowledge of effective protective actions/symptom reduction strategies. An interagency 'Vog Dashboard' was also introduced to consolidate vog knowledge, including sources of air quality data, vog fore-casts, and advice on vog environmental, agricultural, and health impacts. This dashboard was recommended as a primary site for advice by international media outlets in 2018 and was heavily used during the 2018 Kilauea and 2022 Mauna Loa eruption crises.