Geometric parametrization of toe-out type vortex generators for energy-efficient capacity augmentation in finned-tube heat exchangers

•Regression based phenomenological models are developed for design optimization.•Change in correlating variable is described by a power law function.•Correlations are consistent despite significant change in the Reynolds number.•Best geometric designs are quite robust and reliable.•Thermo-hydraulic trade-off is essential for energy-efficient capacity augmentation.