Influence of non-driving related tasks on driving performance after takeover transition in conditionally automated driving

•NRDTs as brief as five minutes can impair driving performance following a takeover.•Participation in resting, entertaining or working NRDTs can significantly impair driving performance.•Approximately 25% of individuals display strongly impaired driving for more than 5 min after the manual takeover, and these drivers stray out of the lane for more than 10 s per minute.•The likelihood of unsafe driving after a TOR can be predicted from driving performance during the pre-automation period.•Participants are unaware of the degradation in their driving performance during the takeover period.