Indicator-dependent differences in detection of local intracellular Ca2+release events evoked by voltage-gated Ca2+entry in pancreatic & beta;-cells

Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators have become widely used in cell signalling studies as they offer advantages over cell-loaded dye indicators in enabling specific cellular or subcellular targeting. Comparing responses from dye and protein-based indicators may provide information about indicator properties and cell physiology, but side-by-side recordings in cells are scarce. In this study, we compared cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) changes in insulin-secreting & beta;-cells recorded with commonly used dyes and indicators based on circularly permuted fluorescent proteins. Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging of K+ depolarizationtriggered submembrane [Ca2+]i increases showed that the dyes Fluo-4 and Fluo-5F mainly reported stable [Ca2+]i elevations, whereas the proteins R-GECO1 and GCaMP5G more often reported distinct [Ca2+]i spikes from an elevated level. [Ca2+]i spiking occurred also in glucose-stimulated cells. The spikes reflected Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, triggered by autocrine activation of purinergic receptors after exocytotic release of ATP and/or ADP, and the spikes were consequently prevented by SERCA inhibition or P2Y1-receptor antagonism. Widefield imaging, which monitors the entire cytoplasm, increased the spike detection by the Ca2+ dyes. The indicator-dependent response patterns were unrelated to Ca2+ binding affinity, buffering and mobility, and probably reflects the much slower dissociation kinetics of protein compared to dye indicators. Ca2+ dyes thus report signalling within the submembrane space excited by TIRF illumination, whereas the protein indicators also catch Ca2+ events originating outside this volume. The study highlights that voltage-dependent Ca2+ entry in & beta;-cells is tightly linked to local intracellular Ca2+ release mediated via an autocrine route that may be more important than previously reported direct Ca2+ effects on phospholipase C or on intracellular channels mediating calcium-induced calcium release.