A rapid and robust leaf ablation method to visualize bundle sheath cells and chloroplasts in C 3 and C 4 grasses

Background It has been proposed that engineering the C 4 photosynthetic pathway into C 3 crops could significantly increase yield. This goal requires an increase in the chloroplast compartment of bundle sheath cells in C 3 species. To facilitate large-scale testing of candidate regulators of chloroplast development in the rice bundle sheath, a simple and robust method to phenotype this tissue in C 3 species is required. Results We established a leaf ablation method to accelerate phenotyping of rice bundle sheath cells. The bundle sheath cells and chloroplasts were visualized using light and confocal laser microscopy. Bundle sheath cell dimensions, chloroplast area and chloroplast number per cell were measured from the images obtained by confocal laser microscopy. Bundle sheath cell dimensions of maize were also measured and compared with rice. Our data show that bundle sheath width but not length significantly differed between C 3 rice and C 4 maize. Comparison of paradermal versus transverse bundle sheath cell width indicated that bundle sheath cells were intact after leaf ablation. Moreover, comparisons of planar chloroplast areas and chloroplast numbers per bundle sheath cell between wild-type and transgenic rice lines expressing the maize GOLDEN-2 ( ZmG2 ) showed that the leaf ablation method allowed differences in chloroplast parameters to be detected. Conclusions Leaf ablation is a simple approach to accessing bundle sheath cell files in C 3 species. We show that this method is suitable for obtaining parameters associated with bundle sheath cell size, chloroplast area and chloroplast number per cell.