Carbonized CMPs Hollow Microspheres-Based Hydrogel Composite Membranes with a Hierarchical Architecture for Efficient Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporation.

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) with excellent photothermal conversion efficiency is emerging as one of the frontier technologies for freshwater production. In this work, novel carbonized conjugate microporous polymers (CCMPs) hollow microspheres-based composite hydrogel membranes (CCMPsHM-CHM) for efficient SDIE are reported. The precursor, CMPs hollow microspheres (CMPsHM), is synthesized by an Sonogashira-Hagihara cross-coupling reaction using a hard template method. The as-synthesized CCMPsHM-CHM exhibit significantly excellent properties, , 3D hierarchical architecture (from micropore to macropore), superior solar light absorption (more than 89%), better thermal insulation (thermal conductivity as low as 0.32-0.42 W mK in the wet state), superhydrophilic wettability with a water contact angle (WCA) of 0°, superior solar efficiency (up to 89-91%), a high evaporation rate of 1.48-1.51 kg m h under 1 sun irradiation, and excellent stability which maintains an evaporation rate of more than 80% after 10 cycles and over 83% evaporation efficiency in highly concentrated brine. In this case, the removal rate of metal ions in seawater is more than 99%, which is much lower than the ion concentration standard for drinking water set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Taking advantage of its simple and scalable manufacture, our CCMPsHM-CHM may have great potential as advanced membranes for various applications for efficient SDIE in different environments.