Protective factors in borderline personality disorder: A multi-study analysis of conscientiousness, distress tolerance, and self-compassion.

BACKGROUND:Despite a growing literature characterizing risk factors associated with the development and maintenance of borderline personality disorder (BPD), substantially less is known about potentially protective factors in BPD. METHODS:In a sample of online (N = 272) participants with likely BPD, major depressive disorder (MDD), or no disorder (ND) and an independent sample of in-person (N = 90) participants diagnosed with BPD, MDD, or ND, we tested the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations among BPD features and three putatively protective personality, cognitive, and affective-behavioral factors: conscientiousness, self-compassion, and distress tolerance. RESULTS:Only conscientiousness was significantly lower in BPD than MDD (ds: .67-.73) across both studies and more strongly related to BPD features (rs: -.68 to -.59) than MDD symptoms (rs: -.49 to -.43) in dimensional analyses across both studies. However, in a multiple regression analysis including all three factors in Study 1, only self-compassion predicted decreases in BPD features (β = -.28) and MDD symptoms (β = -.21) over one month. LIMITATIONS:Study 1 participants completed all measures online and exhibited some differential attrition at one month follow-up. Study 2 participants were all diagnosed by one trained assessor and the smaller sample size limited our power to detect effects. CONCLUSIONS:Low conscientiousness may be most strongly related to BPD, whereas self-compassion may be a prospective transdiagnostic protective factor.