[Neural bases of memory and spatial navigation].

The cognitive map is a concept first introduced by Edward Tolman in 1948 to describe the map of the environment stored in the brain. In this review, after a brief mention of the history of this concept, we explore the contributions of place cells and grid cells to the neural basis of the creation and storage of a spatial map. Finally, we discuss how this map is consolidated and stored in the brain. Questioning and advancing our knowledge of the mechanisms of our memory is essential to improve healthy aging of these systems.