Interspecific insights into direct and indirect effects of acetochlor on interactions between daphnids and microalgae: Toxic, trophic, and grazer-infochemical responses.

As the herbicide acetochlor (ACT) affects the plankton food web, this study investigated the effects of ACT and exocrine infochemicals from daphnids (after ACT exposure and/or starvation) on Scenedesmus obliquus growth, as well as the effects of ACT and starvation on life-history traits of Daphnia magna. Filtered secretions from daphnids increased algal ACT tolerance, dependent on different ACT exposure histories and food intake. Endogenous and secretory metabolite profiles of daphnids following ACT and/or starvation appear to be regulated by the fatty acid synthesis pathway and sulfotransferases and were related to energy allocation trade-offs. Oleic acid (OA) and octyl sulfate (OS), screened by secreted and somatic metabolomics, affected algal growth and ACT behavior in the algal culture in opposite ways. Trophic and non-trophic interspecific effects caused by ACT were observed in microalgae-daphnid microcosms, including algal growth inhibition, daphnid starvation, OA down-regulation, and OS up-regulation. Based on these findings, risk assessment of ACT on the freshwater plankton communities should take species interactions into account.