How do patients sleep after orthopaedic surgery? Changes in objective sleep parameters and pain in hospitalized patients undergoing hip and knee arthroplasty

Purpose The aim of this observational cohort study was to assess actigraphy-based sleep characteristics and pain scores in patients undergoing knee or hip joint replacement and hospitalized for ten days after surgery. Methods N =20 subjects (mean age: 64.0±10.39 years old) wore the Actiwatch 2 actigraph (Philips Respironics, USA) to record sleep parameters for 11 consecutive days. Subjective scores of pain, by a visual analog scale (VAS), were constantly monitored and the following evaluation time points were considered for the analysis: pre-surgery (PRE), the first (POST1), the fourth (POST4), and the tenth day (POST10) after surgery. Results Sleep quantity and timing parameters did not differ from PRE to POST10, during the hospitalization whereas sleep efficiency and immobility time significantly decreased at POST1 compared to PRE by 10.8% ( p =0.003; ES: 0.9, moderate) and 9.4% ( p =0.005; ES: 0.86, moderate) respectively, and sleep latency increased by 18.7 min (+320%) at POST1 compared to PRE ( p =0.046; ES: 0.70, moderate). Overall, all sleep quality parameters showed a trend of constant improvement from POST1 to POST10. VAS scores were higher in the first day post-surgery (4.58 ± 2.46; p =0.0011 and ES: 1.40, large) compared to POST10 (1.68 ± 1.58). During the time, mean VAS showed significant negative correlations with mean sleep efficiency ( r = −0.71; p =0.021). Conclusion Sleep quantity and timing parameters were stable during the entire hospitalization whereas sleep quality parameters significantly worsened the first night after surgery compared to the pre-surgery night. High scores of pain were associated with lower overall sleep quality.