Ion modulation engineering toward stable lithium metal anodes.

Homogeneous ion transport during Li plating/stripping plays a significant role in the stability of Li metal anodes (LMAs) and the electrochemical performance of Li metal batteries (LMBs). Controlled ion transport with uniform Li distribution is expected to suppress notorious Li dendrite growth while stabilizing the susceptible solid electrolyte interfacial (SEI) film and optimizing the electrochemical stability. Here, we are committed to rendering a comprehensive study of Li transport during the Li plating/stripping process related to the interactions between the Li dendrites and SEI film. Moreover, rational ion modulation strategies based on functional separators, artificial SEI films, solid-state electrolytes and structured anodes are introduced to homogenize Li flux and stabilize the lithium metal surface. Finally, the current issues and potential opportunities for ion transport regulation to boost the high energy density of LMBs are described.