Response to Hypersalinity of Four Halophytes Growing in Hydroponic Floating Systems: Prospects in the Phytomanagement of High Saline Wastewaters and Extreme Environments.

Hypersaline environments occur naturally worldwide in arid and semiarid regions or in artificial areas where the discharge of highly saline wastewaters, such as produced water (PW) from oil and gas industrial setups, has concentrated salt (NaCl). Halophytes can tolerate high NaCl concentrations by adopting ion extrusion and inclusion mechanisms at cell, tissue, and organ levels; however, there is still much that is not clear in the response of these plants to salinity and completely unknown issues in hypersaline conditions. Mechanisms of tolerance to saline and hypersaline conditions of four different halophytes ( (L.) Forssk, (Pall.) M. Bieb., Lam. and (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel) were assessed by analysing growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigment parameters, nutrients, and sodium (Na) uptake and distribution in different organs. Plants were exposed to high saline (257 mM or 15 g L NaCl) and extremely high or hypersaline (514, 856, and 1712 mM or 30, 50, and 100 g L NaCl) salt concentrations in a hydroponic floating culture system for 28 days. The two dicotyledonous . and . resulted in greater tolerance to hypersaline concentrations than the two monocotyledonous species and . Plant biomass and major cation (K, Ca, and Mg) distributions among above- and below-ground organs evidenced the osmoprotectant roles of K in the leaves of . , and of Ca and Mg in the leaves and stem of . . In . and . the rhizome modulated the reduced uptake and translocation of nutrients and Na to shoot with increasing salinity levels. . and . absorbed and accumulated elevated Na amounts in the aerial parts at all the NaCl doses tested, with high bioaccumulation (from 0.5 to 8.3) and translocation (1.7-16.2) factors. In the two monocotyledons, Na increased in the root and rhizome with the increasing concentration of external NaCl, dramatically reducing the growth in at both 50 and 100 g L NaCl and compromising the survival of at 30 g L NaCl and over after two weeks of treatment.