Current Use, Capacity, and Perceived Barriers to the Use of Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Canada

Background: Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) is a therapeutic option for refractory cardiac arrest. We sought to perform an environmental scan to describe ECPR utilization in Canada and perceived barriers for application to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).Methods: This was a national cross-sectional study. We identified all cardiovascular surgery-and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-capable hospitals in Canada and emergency medical services (EMS) agencies delivering patients to those centres. We requested the medical lead from each hospital's ECMO service and each EMS agency to submit data regarding ECMO and ECPR utilization, as well as perceived barriers to ECPR provision for OHCA.Results: We identified and received survey data from 39 of 39 Ca-nadian hospital institutions and 21 of 22 EMS agencies. Of hospitals, 38 (97%) perform ECMO and 27 (69%) perform ECPR (74% of which perform <5 cases per year). Of the 18 (46%) sites offering ECPR for OHCA, 8 apply a formal protocol for eligibility and initiation procedures. EMS agencies demonstrate heterogeneity with intra-arrest transport practices. The primary rationale for nontransport of refractory OHCA is that hospital-based care offers no additional therapies. Perceived barriers to the use of ECPR for OHCA were primarily related to limited evidence supporting its use, rather than resources required.Conclusion: Many Canadian cardiovascular surgery-or ECMO-equipped hospitals use ECPR; roughly half employ ECPR for OHCAs. Low case volumes and few formal protocols indicate that this is not a stan-dardized therapy option in most centres. Increased application may be dependent on a stronger evidence base including data from random-ized clinical trials currently underway.