Life cycle assessment of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage systems: Critical review of life cycle inventories

The Intergovernmental panel on climate change raised awareness on the urgent need for action to limit climate change. Answers include bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), which could theoretically generate negative emissions. The life cycle assessment (LCA) method needs to be applied to BECCS systems to assess their negative emission potential and prevent transfers from one environmental impact category to another. To allow for informed decision-making, the quality of LCA results should be evaluated. The quality of results is related to the quality of the data used. The purpose of this article is thus to review the life cycle inventory data that are used for BECCS LCA. To this end, 35 recent BECCS LCA were selected and the inventory data they used was collected. Synthesis inventory tables were then compiled, including the observed range of variability for each data item. These tables cover biomass harvesting, pre-treatment, combustion, gasification, and carbon dioxide capture with a monoethanolamine (MEA) based solvent. Data quality is also reviewed, through the representativeness, reproducibility and completeness of the life cycle inventories highlighted in the selected articles. Only a third of the articles (13/35) provide life cycle inventory tables. Only half of the articles assess the impact on climate change leading to inventory cut-offs. BECCS systems including combustion followed by MEA-based capture have been most referenced (12/35 articles). More transparency on data quality is recommended. Certain promising BECCS systems should also be further studied. This applies, for instance, to BECCS systems that involve second-generation solvents.