Multiple tectonic switches in the Eastern Tianshan, Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Implications for crustal growth and metallogenesis

Subduction zones are crucial sites for inputs of juvenile crust and the generation of porphyry copper deposits by arc magmatic processes that generally involve episodic trench advance and retreat. It is well documented that the generation of juvenile crust is associated with lithospheric extension during the retreat of subduction zones, whereas crustal reworking is associated with lithospheric compression in continental arcs during the advance of subduction zones. However, it remains unclear whether such models can be applied to island arc settings and how they relate to metallogenesis. To address this issue, we examine intermediate–felsic igneous rocks (∼460–300 Ma) of the Dananhu–Harlik island arc in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Our new and compiled data indicate three magmatic episodes in the Dananhu–Harlik island arc during the northward subduction of the Kangguer oceanic plate, with each involving a tectonic switch from compressional trench advance to extensional retreat. Crustal growth occurred mainly during the compressional stages of trench advance, which is in contrast with typical continental arcs. Tectonic transitions also controlled regional mineralization patterns, and the typical porphyry and related skarn-type deposits formed during subduction zone advance, whereas volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits and overprinting mineralization were generated during subduction zone retreat. A combination of all data on tectonic settings and physical–chemical conditions (e.g., temperature, oxygen fugacity, and water content) of the pre-mineralization and ore-related intrusions led us to the conclusion that normal intra-crustal arc magmatic processes, involving sulfide pre-enrichment and reactivation, generated the typical Tuwu–Yandong porphyry Cu deposits in the Dananhu arc without the prerequisite of slab melting. Our study provides an excellent example of crustal growth in an island arc setting as well as metallogenesis during the repeated advance and retreat of a subduction zone.