The trophic ecology of an invasive predator in a novel ecosystem: Green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus in a restored urban stream

Rapid urbanization will increase the number of novel stream ecosystems in the Southeastern United States. The green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) is a globally widespread, invasive species that is particularly well-adapted to urban stream conditions. The trophic ecology of green sunfish is understudied, especially in the novel ecosystems where they appear to thrive. We assessed predation by green sunfish in the food web of a heavily engineered and restored urban stream in Raleigh, North Carolina. We sampled fish species composition, size structure, abundance, the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage, and fish diets during two seasons. Green sunfish was the sole species inhabiting the study stream, with the exception of a single goldfish. The population size structure indicated potential overcrowding in our study ecosystem. Chironomidae was the most common taxa in both the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage and in fish diets during the summer. We observed a seasonal shift in diets to lesser prey-specific abundance of Chironomidae and a greater overall abundance of terrestrial prey from summer to winter. Green sunfish can persist in small restored urban streams of the Southeast US where virtually no other fish occur, and they utilize benthic invertebrates and terrestrial prey as resources.