Multi-objective optimization of distribution network considering battery charging and swapping station

Battery charging and swapping station (BCSS) can provide flexibility for the distribution network due to accumulating a large number of batteries. This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization method of distribution network considering BCSS, aiming to minimize the transmission losses, voltage deviation and curtailment of wind and photovoltaic power. Besides, The present study puts forth a novel integrated modeling methodology for batteries, which is founded upon the State of Charge (SOC) interval. This approach includes the total energy constraint, as well as the charging and discharging priorities of the batteries. Finally, numerical tests are carried out to validate the correctness and rationality of the presented method. The outcomes of the study show that 2% reduction in wasted energy is achieved with BCSS. (c) 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under theCCBY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).