Structure and Function of Neuronal Circuits linking Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus and Lateral Hypothalamic Area.

To understand how sleep-wakefulness cycles are regulated, it is essential to disentangle structural and functional relationships between the preoptic area (POA) and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), since these regions play important yet opposing roles in the sleep-wakefulness regulation. GABA- and galanin (GAL)-producing neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) of the POA (VLPO and VLPO neurons) are responsible for the maintenance of sleep, while the LHA contains orexin-producing neurons (orexin neurons) that are crucial for maintenance of wakefulness. Through the use of rabies virus-mediated neural tracing combined with hybridization in male and female mice, we revealed that the vesicular GABA transporter ()- and galanin ()-expressing neurons in the VLPO directly synapse with orexin neurons in the LHA. A majority (56.3±8%) of all VLPO input neurons connecting to orexin neurons were double-positive for and Using projection-specific rabies virus-mediated tracing in male and female and mice, we discovered that VLPO and VLPO neurons that send projections to the LHA received innervations from similarly distributed input neurons in many brain regions, with the POA and LHA being among the main upstream areas. Additionally, we found that acute optogenetic excitation of axons of VLPO neurons, but not VLPO neurons, in the LHA of male mice induced wakefulness. This study deciphers the connectivity between the VLPO and LHA, provides a large-scale map of upstream neuronal populations of VLPO→LHA neurons, and reveals a previously uncovered function of the VLPO→LHA pathway in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness.We identified that neurons in the VLPO, that are positive for vesicular GABA transporter ()- and/or galanin (), serve as presynaptic partners of orexin-producing neurons in the LHA. We depicted monosynaptic input neurons of GABA- and galanin-producing neurons in the VLPO that send projections to the LHA throughout the entire brain. Their input neurons largely overlap, suggesting that they comprise a common neuronal population. However, acute excitatory optogenetic manipulation of VLPO→LHA pathway, but not VLPO→LHA pathway, evoked wakefulness. This study shows the connectivity of major components of the sleep/wake circuitry in the hypothalamus and unveils a previously unrecognized function of the VLPO→LHA pathway in sleep-wakefulness regulation. Furthermore, we suggest the existence of subpopulations of VLPO neurons that innervate LHA.