Structure-based engineering of Tor complexes uncovers different roles of two types of yeast TORC1s

Certain proteins assemble into diverse complex states, each having a distinctive and unique function in the cell. The target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) plays a central role in signaling pathways for cells to respond to their environment, such as nutritional status. TORC1 is widely recognised for its association with various diseases. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two types of TORC1s comprising different constituent proteins, Tor1- and Tor2-containing TORC1s but are considered to have the same function. Here, we rationally redesigned the complex states by structure-based engineering and constructed a Tor2 mutant to form TORC2 but not TORC1. Functional analysis of the mutant revealed that the two types of TORC1s induced different phenotypes-rapamycin, caffeine and pH dependences of cell growth and replicative and chronological lifespans. These findings are expected to provide further insights into various fields such as molecular evolution and lifespan.