Restoring declining species through translocations: A test case using flightless grasshoppers in an urban setting

1. Population translocations are used increasingly as a conservation strategy for vertebrates. However, relatively few attempts have been made to translocate invertebrates despite their potential benefits for food webs, and despite the practicality of undertaking such translocations in small areas including urban environments where space is limited.2. We conducted 36 translocations of 1851 individuals of the generalist flightless grasshopper Vandiemenella viatica across urban Melbourne, where 93% of its original habitat has been lost.3. We aimed to understand characteristics essential for grasshopper persistence and to investigate detection, occupancy, dispersal and habitat suitability throughout its active period to improve insect translocation success in urban settings using revegetated sites and small remnant habitats. We also measured movement and detection probability after one week in short-term trials.4. The one-week trial indicated that grasshopper sex and colour morph did not influence the probability of detection, and there was no evidence of directional movement by females and males.5. One year after translocation, V. viatica were found in 28 out of 36 translocation sites. These surveys showed that detection probability changed across survey sea-sons and was influenced by soil temperature. Also, soil temperature positively affected detection in the winter surveys. Occupancy probability was influenced by graminoid cover, plant species richness and weed cover. We found no evidence of directional movement by females and males in the F1 generation. Abundance and presence/absence data were best explained by graminoid cover and plant species richness.6. Our findings suggest that wingless grasshopper translocations are feasible in small urban patches of suitable habitat, helping to restore invertebrate biodiversity and ecological services.