Evaluating convection-permitting ensemble forecasts of precipitation over Southeast Asia 

<p>Forecasting extreme rainfall in the tropics is a major challenge for numerical weather prediction. Convection-permitting (CP) models are intended to enable forecasts of high-impact weather events. Development and operation of these models in the tropics has only just been realised. This study describes and evaluates recently developed Met Office Unified Model CP ensemble forecasts of varying resolutions over three domains in Southeast Asia, covering Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines.</p><p>Fractions Skill Score is used to assess the spatial scale-dependence of skill in forecasts of precipitation during October 2018 - March 2019. CP forecasts are skilful for 3-hour precipitation accumulations at spatial scales greater than 200 km in all domains during the first day of forecasts but all ensembles have low spread relative to forecast skill. Skill decreases with lead time and is highly dependent on the diurnal cycle over Malaysia and Indonesia. Skill is largest during daytime when precipitation is over land and is constrained by orography, but is lower at night when precipitation is over the ocean. Comparisons of CP ensembles using 2.2, 4.5 and 8.8 km grid spacing and an 8.8km ensemble with parameterised convection are made to examine the role of resolution and convection parameterisation on forecast skill for the three domains.</p>