2H and 18O of river water from a high-altitude humid plain of the southern Alps: Implications for the interpretation of the isotopic compositions of bioapatite from humans living close to mountain areas

Located in the French Southern Alps, the Cerveyrette area is a watershed of about 100 km2 including a torrent and a high-altitude swampy plain dominated by a nival regime. The apparent cyclicity of very small magnitude in the 818O (-14.4 +/- 0.6 parts per thousand) of the river waters is interpreted to partly reflect seasonal variations in the isotopic compositions of precipitations, thus having consequences on the interpretation of human and animal remains of archaeological interest. As the Cerveyrette is the potential main source of drinking water for local humans and animals, considerations about the meaning of calculated theoretical 818O of bioapatite (bone, tooth enamel) highlight that inferred Mean Air Annual Temperatures (MAAT) are highly underestimated, with a calculated MAAT of 1.5 degrees C instead of the local recorded MAAT of 7 degrees C. In terms of human or animal mobility, such isotopic data may drive researchers to look for a distant and high-latitude geographic origin instead of a rather close and high-altitude mountainous areas. For example, the area where the famous center dot Otzi lived, discovered close to the Austrian-Italian border, could have been of lower altitude than previously thought. Consequently, we propose that the interpretation of bioapatite 818O data must be undertaken with caution in mountainous areas, especially with the consideration of the regional orography and its related hydrographic networks.