Mechanisms for generating and connecting the Yanai-mode and Rossby-mode tropical instability waves in the equatorial Pacific

It is generally believed that both barotropic and baroclinic instabilities may account for the tropical instability wave (TIW) variabilities in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. However, the coupling mechanisms between the two different meridional TIW modes, i.e., the Yanai-mode at the equator and the Rossby-mode around 5°N, and the associated vertical connections, are yet to be clarified. This is done here using a recently developed multiscale decomposition tool, multiscale window transform (MWT), and the MWT-based theory of canonical transfer and TIW-scale eddy kinetic energy (EKE) budget analysis, based on the (1/12.5)∘ HYCOM reanalysis data. In the subsurface layer (30–200 m), barotropic instability is the primary energy source for the Yanai-mode TIWs, while baroclinic instability dominates the EKE generation of the Rossby-mode TIWs. In contrast, the two TIW modes in the surface layer (0–30 m) are largely modulated by nonlocal mechanisms through pressure work, which functions to transport EKE upward from the subsurface to the surface layer, and southward from the Rossby-mode region to the Yanai-mode region. The pressure fluxes substantially couple the two TIW modes in both the meridional and vertical directions, leading to significant coherence between EKE in different vertical layers and regions of the TIWs. In addition, the prevailing vertical pressure flux identified north of the equator explains why the EKE signal is more vertically coherent in the Rossby-mode region than the Yanai-mode region. This nonlocal energy pathway, as well as the well-known instability processes, undergoes strong seasonal variations that determine the seasonal cycles of the TIWs in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.