Human land use is comparable to climate as a driver of global plant occurrence and abundance across life forms

Aim: Historically, climate has been a dominant driver of global vegetation patterns. Recently, ecological understanding has been updated to acknowledge the influence of human land use (the dominant driver of biodiversity change) in shaping global vegetation patterns. We test whether Raunkiaer's life form, a plant classification system designed to reflect climatic drivers, affects how plants respond to both land use and climate.Location: Forty-one countries across six continents.Time period: 1990 to 2013.Major taxa studied: Terrestrial plants.Methods: Combining data from the biodiversity and land use database PREDICTS, and plant trait databases TRY and BIEN, we use generalized linear mixed models with weighted effects coding to test whether Raunkiaer's life form affects plant response to land use and climate in over 4800 species at over 300 sites globally.Results: We provide evidence that human land use is comparable to climate in influencing life form occurrence and that land use produces divergent outcomes across life forms.Main conclusions: Combined with climatic suitability, land use acts as a filter contracting the realized niche of trees and expanding the realized niche of disturbance-tolerant species. Our results highlight the fundamental role of human activity in shaping species' distribution.