The 2020 Mw 6.5 Monte Cristo Range, Nevada, Earthquake: Anatomy of a Crossing-Fault Rupture through a Region of Highly Distributed Deformation

The 15 May 2020 Mw 6.5 Monte Cristo Range earthquake (MCRE) in Nevada, United States, is the largest instrumental event in the Mina deflection-a zone of east-trending left-lateral faults accommodating a right step between northwest-trending right-lateral faults of the Walker Lane. The MCRE ruptured a highly distributed faulting area with muted geomorphic expressions, motivating us to characterize the behavior of an earthquake on a structurally immature fault system. Inverse modeling of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) displacements reveals left-lateral slip on an east-striking, eastern fault and left-lateral-normal slip on an east-northeast-striking, western fault. Unusually, the two faults cross one another and ruptured together in the mainshock. The maximum slip of 1 m occurs at 8-10 km depth, but less than 0.1 m of slip reaches the surficial model fault patches, yielding a pronounced shallow slip deficit (SSD) of 91%. Relocated hypocenters indicate that the mainshock initiated at 9 km depth and that aftershocks span depths of 1-11 km, constraining the local seismogenic thickness. Our new field observations of fracturing and pebble-clearing in the western MCRE characterize a third, shorter, northern fault that is at the resolution limit of the InSAR-GNSS modeling. The segmented and intersecting fault geometry, off-fault aftershocks with variable mechanisms, distributed surface fractures, limited long-term geomorphic offsets, and a 600-700 m (cumu-lative) bedrock offset are all characteristic of a structurally immature fault system. However, the large SSD is not unusual for an earthquake of this magnitude, and a larger compilation of InSAR models (28 Mw >= 6:4 strike-slip events) shows that SSDs correlate with magnitude rather than structural maturity. This study demonstrates the importance of integrating geodesy, seismology, and field observations to capture the full complexity of large earth-quakes, and further suggests that seismic hazard assessments in shattered crustal regions consider the potential for multi-and cross-fault rupture.