Peyer's patch-involved gut microbiota facilitates anti-HBV immunity in mice

Background: Gut microbiota is crucial for immune homeostasis and is associated with the prognosis of chronic hepatitis B infection. Peyer's patches (PPs), characterized by intestinal mucosa localization, are involved in the gut microbiota-mediated immune response. However, whether and how PPs orchestrate gut microbiota-modulated anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) response remain elusive. This study aims to elucidate the role of PPs in gut microbiota-mediated anti-HBV adaptive immunity.Methods: We investigated the effects of gut microbiota and PPs on adaptive immune responses by transcriptomic, phenotypic, and functional analyzes from an HBV mouse model with gut commensal microbiota and PP -depleting interventions.Results: Depletion of gut microbiota impaired systemic adaptive immune responses, resulting in a delayed HBV antigen clearance. Differentially expressed genes analysis of PPs revealed that pathways related to adaptive immune responses were significantly downregulated in gut microbiota-deficient mice. Notably, the depletion of PPs could abolish gut microbiota-boosted intrahepatic HBV-specific T cell response, leading to a higher serum hepatitis B surface antigen level in mice.Conclusion: PPs orchestrate gut microbiota-mediated intrahepatic anti-HBV cellular immunity, underlining the significance of remote manipulating the "gut microbiota-PPs" axis for achieving optimum anti-HBV response.