Enhanced Decomposition of H₂O₂ Using Metallic Silver Nanoparticles under UV/Visible Light for the Removal of p-Nitrophenol from Water

Three Ag nanoparticle (NP) colloids are produced from borohydride reduction of silver nitrate in water by varying the amount of sodium citrate. These nanoparticles are used as photocatalysts with H2O2 to degrade a p-nitrophenol (PNP) solution. X-ray diffraction patterns have shown the production of metallic silver nanoparticles, whatever the concentration of citrate. The transmission electron microscope images of these NPs highlighted the evolution from spherical NPs to hexagonal/rod-like NPs with broader distribution when the citrate amount increases. Aggregate size in solution has also shown the same tendency. Indeed, the citrate, which is both a capping and a reducing agent, modifies the resulting shape and size of the Ag NPs. When its concentration is low, the pH is higher, and it stabilizes the formation of uniform spherical Ag NPs. However, when its concentration increases, the pH decreases, and the Ag reduction is less controlled, leading to broader distribution and bigger rod-like Ag NPs. This results in the production of three different samples: one with more uniform spherical 20 nm Ag NPs, one intermediate with 30 nm Ag NPs with spherical and rod-like NPs, and one with 50 nm rod-like Ag NPs with broad distribution. These three Ag NPs mixed with H2O2 in water enhanced the degradation of PNP under UV/visible irradiation. Indeed, metallic Ag NPs produce localized surface plasmon resonance under illumination, which photogenerates electrons and holes able to accelerate the production of hydroxyl radicals when in contact with H2O2. The intermediate morphology sample presents the best activity, doubling the PNP degradation compared to the irradiated experiment with H2O2 alone. This better result can be attributed to the small size of the NPs (30 nm) but also to the presence of more defects in this intermediate structure that allows a longer lifetime of the photogenerated species. Recycling experiments on the best photocatalyst sample showed a constant activity of up to 40 h of illumination for a very low concentration of photocatalyst compared to the literature.