A comprehensive review of building materials modified with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles against microbial multiplication and growth

The biological deterioration of construction materials is one of the most significant problems in their practical application. Providing these products with antimicrobial properties is also a key issue for increasing health safety inside buildings. The use of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, such as silver, titanium dioxide or zinc oxide, as additives to bulk materials or to coatings and paints improves the resistance of building materials to biological factors by providing antimicrobial functions. These nanostructures are able to penetrate the cells of microor-ganisms and thus modify their action, ultimately leading to inactivation. Furthermore, combining these nano -particles with the cement matrix may influence the durability of the construction material. Aspects of biodeterioration of materials with nanoparticles are becoming increasingly popular among civil and chemical engineers. In this article, in contrast to previous review articles, special attention has been paid to the antimi-crobial efficacy of various types of metal nanoparticles and metal oxides combined with building materials, in terms of applications in public buildings such as hospitals. A detailed analysis of the incidence of microorganisms in these applications was made, depending on the region of the world. The mechanism of action and the main factors influencing the antimicrobial properties of metal and metal oxides nanoparticles, most commonly encountered in the construction sector, were also discussed.