Research Advances in the Treatment of Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome

Bone marrow edema syndrome (BMES) is a relatively uncommon clinical condition. It has been poorly reported in the literature. Hence, doctors are not sufficiently aware of the disease and are prone to misdiagno-sis and mistreatment, which can undoubtedly prolong the course of the disease, reduce the quality of life of patients and even affect their function. This paper reviews the literature and summarizes the treatment options for bone marrow edema syndrome, such as symptomatic treatment, extracorporeal shock waves therapy (ESWT), pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEFs), hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), vitamin D, iloprost, bisphospho-nates, denosumab, and surgery, etc. This informs clinicians in treating bone marrow edema syndrome, hope-fully improving patients' quality of life and shortening the duration of their disease.