An enhanced Runge Kutta boosted machine learning framework for medical diagnosis.

With the development and maturity of machine learning methods, medical diagnosis aided with machine learning methods has become a popular method to assist doctors in diagnosing and treating patients. However, machine learning methods are greatly affected by their hyperparameters, for instance, the kernel parameter in kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) and the learning rate in residual neural networks (ResNet). If the hyperparameters are appropriately set, the performance of the classifier can be significantly improved. To boost the performance of the machine learning methods, this paper proposes to improve the Runge Kutta optimizer (RUN) to adaptively adjust the hyperparameters of the machine learning methods for medical diagnosis purposes. Although RUN has a solid mathematical theoretical foundation, there are still some performance defects when dealing with complex optimization problems. To remedy these defects, this paper proposes a new enhanced RUN method with a grey wolf mechanism and an orthogonal learning mechanism called GORUN. The superior performance of the GORUN was validated against other well-established optimizers on IEEE CEC 2017 benchmark functions. Then, the proposed GORUN is employed to optimize the machine learning models, including the KELM and ResNet, to construct robust models for medical diagnosis. The performance of the proposed machine learning framework was validated on several medical data sets, and the experimental results have demonstrated its superiority.