Are Mindfulness and Mind-Wandering Opposite Constructs?: It depends on how Mindfulness is Conceptualised

Participants (N = 552) were recruited by Qualtrics®, mainly from the USA (%), India (%), and Australia (%), with ages ranging from 18-94 years (M = 54.06 years, SD = 15.87). All participants were either non-meditators or had less than one year’s experience at meditation. They comprised 330 (60%) females and 222 (40%) males. Participants were presented with an anonymous online questionnaire. By clicking on the questionnaire URL were presented with a Participant Information Sheet and an Online Implied Consent form. Those who continued to the questionnaire were asked to provide demographic information and complete the scales that measured mindfulness and mind-wandering.