Modelling the thermal and mechanical interaction of an ice-sheet with a partly frozen bedrock

<p>In recent years, subglacial hydrological models as well as till deformation models have been coupled to ice-flow models in order to determine mechanical basal conditions underneath ice sheets and glaciers. These models, nevertheless, often ignore the thermo-dynamical aspects, in particular, not including the influence of permafrost in proximity to or underneath glaciers. Here we present a thermo-mechanically coupled ice-sheet bedrock model. The latter includes components of saturated aquifer water transport, soil deformation, salinity transport and &#8211; most important &#8211; energy balance including phase change of the solvent. Using synthetic flow-line setups we present studies of ice-sheet fronts, advancing either over existing permafrost or largely unfrozen soils. We investigate the heat- and meltwater-transfer between the ice-body and its substrate and discuss their impact on ice-dynamics. As the results suggest that in certain situations the water balance further demands the existence of a hydrological system between ice and bedrock, we currently work to include this third model component in form of a subglacial hydrological model. All model components are implemented in the Finite Element software Elmer, which renders their mutual coupling relatively easy, yet, numerically demanding.</p>