Recent evolution of debris-covered glaciers in the Manaslu region of Nepal (1970 - 2019): the case of Ponkar Glacier

<p>Debris-covered glaciers in the Manaslu region of Nepal have been scarcely studied. Here we aim to fill this gap using new, multi-sensor, freely available 2019 Planet high-resolution (3 to 5 m) imagery, 1970 Corona declassified imagery and UAV and stake ablation data acquired in the field to characterize the surface and evolution of these glaciers over the last five decades. We report regional area changes, glacier thickness, geodetic glacier mass balance and surface velocity changes and focus on Ponkar Glacier and Thulagi Glacier and Lake for an in-depth assessment of surface geomorphology and surface feature dynamics (ponds, vegetation and ice cliffs).</p><p>Glaciers in the Manaslu region experienced a mean area loss of -0.26 &#177; 0.0001 % a^-1between 1970 and 2019, with a mean surface lowering of -0.20 &#177; 0.02 ma^-1 over the period 1970 to 2013, corresponding to a regional geodetic mass balance of -0.17 &#177; 0.03 m w.e.a^&#8722;1. Overall, debris-covered glaciers had higher thinning rates compared to clean ice glaciers. During the period 1970 to 2013, the debris-covered Ponkar Glacier had a geodetic mass balance of -0.06 &#177; 0.01 m w.e.a^&#8722;1, with parts of the central trunk thickening and a nine-fold increase in the thinning rates over the lower parts of the glacier tongue in the recent years (2013 to 2019). Ice-surface morphology changes between 1970 and 2019 include a decrease in ogives and open crevasses, an increase in ice cliffs and ponds and the expansion of the supraglacial debris and ice-surface vegetation, suggesting reduced ice-dynamic activity.</p>