Testing methods to constrain future European climate projections in an “out-of-sample” framework

<p>A major problem in climate science is providing reliable regional climate projections. Existing model ensembles are imperfect so a number of different methods for constraining future climate projections using the observational record have been developed, with the aim of improving the reliability of the projections. Whilst these constrained projections displayed some overlap and common characteristics, there were also some distinct differences. However, how these different projections should be interpreted is not clear. For example, are some of the methods more accurate and reliable than others?</p><p>To address this question, we performed a novel out-of-sample &#8220;perfect model&#8221; experiment to test the different constraining methods. In this experiment we took advantage of newly available CMIP6 archive of coupled climate simulations to act as (anonymised) pseudo-observations over only the observational period, to test the methods which were all previously used CMIP5-era model data; for this reason, we refer to this as an out-of-sample test. Five different groups used these pseudo-observations to constrain their CMIP5-era model projections. Detailed results from these projections, verified against the target pseudo-observations, will be presented. The constraining methods all improve the projections for regional summer temperatures but for precipitation and in the winter season the improvements are less clear. There are substantial differences across the constraining methods and reasons for these and the utility of these different methods will be discussed.</p>