Overview of Nanofluid Applications and Its Sustainability

In current times, nanotechnology is applied in various fields to improve the outcome of many processes. Nanofluids have unique characteristics and properties as well as a potential for several applications involving heat transfer. Some of which include use for hybrid-powered engines, microelectronics, machining, pharmaceutical processes, vehicle thermal management, domestic refrigeration systems, fuel cells, engine cooling, chiller, boilers, heat exchangers and grinding. In the machining industry, nanotechnology can be applied either in the form of nanofluids, via the development of nano-cutting fluids, or as nanoparticles, to improve the performance of cutting tools via coated cutting tools. Nanoparticles are solid particles that are nanometre-sized, meaning each particle ranges from 1 to 100 nm. Nanoparticles are often suspended in a carrier fluid to enhance specific characteristics of the fluid based on the intended use. The current review aims to examine recent literature on the relevance of nanofluids. Also, in this study, we investigate nanofluid preparation techniques, properties and characterization of nanofluids and its application in various industries. Furthermore, we established the advantages of nanofluids over solid and liquid suspensions.